Conniff, Michael L. "Black Labor on a White Canal: West Indians in Panama, 1904-1980." Research Paper Series No. 11, University of New Mexico Latin American Institute, 1983 May

Conniff, Michael L. "Black Labor on a White Canal: West Indians in Panama, 1904-1980." Research Paper Series No. 11, University of New Mexico Latin American Institute, 1983 May, Box: 163, Folder: 18. Julian Samora Papers, 24426265. Benson Latin American Collection, The University of Texas at Austin. https://archives.lib.utexas.edu/repositories/4/archival_objects/388860 Accessed September 27, 2026.